Internet Protocol: The IP is the principle communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking and essentially establishes the internet.
IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP address in the packet header. For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and destination information.
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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): The ICMP is one of the main protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is used by network devices like routers to send error messages. For example, a request service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP can also be used to relay query messages. It is assigned protocol number 1. ICMP differs from transport protocols such as TCP and UDP in that it is not typically used to exchange data between systems, nor is it regularly employed by end-user network applications. Example: while pinging a host, Internet Control Message Protocol echo-request packets are sent to the targeted host and then waiting for an ICMP echo reply.
Addressing Resolution Protocol (ARP): When you try to ping an IP address on your local network, say 192.168.1.1, your system has to turn the IP Address into a MAC address. This involves using ARP to resolve the address, hence its name.
Systems keep the ARP lookup table where they store information about what IP addresses are associated with what MAC addresses. When trying to send a packet to an IP Address, the system sill first consult this tablet to see if it already knows the MAC address. If there is a value cached, ARP is not used.
If the IP address is not found in ARP table the system will then send a broadcast packet to the network using the ARP protocol task to ask “echo has 192.168.1.1”. Because it is a broadcast packet, it is sent to a physical MAC address that causes all machines on the network to receive it. Any machine with the requested IP address will reply with an ARP packet that says “I am 192.168.1.1” and this includes the MAC address which can receive packets for that IP.
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